Consultant Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. Earth Science Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe . Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-872830-4 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 047 08 07 06 About the Consultant Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an Interna- tional Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well as a Christa McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU’s teacher credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students. Using Your Science Notebook ................................v Note-Taking Tips ..............................vii Chapter 1 Preview ..............................1 Section 1-1 ............................................2 Section 1-2 ............................................5 Section 1-3 ............................................8 Chapter 1 Wrap-Up ........................12 Chapter 2 Preview ..............................13 Section 2-1 ..........................................14 Section 2-2 ..........................................17 Section 2-3 ..........................................20 Chapter 2 Wrap-Up ..........................24 Chapter 3 Preview ..............................25 Section 3-1 ..........................................26 Section 3-2 ..........................................29 Section 3-3 ..........................................32 Chapter 3 Wrap-Up ..........................36 Chapter 4 Preview ..............................37 Section 4-1 ..........................................38 Section 4-2 ..........................................41 Chapter 4 Wrap-Up ..........................44 Chapter 5 Preview ..............................45 Section 5-1 ..........................................46 Section 5-2 ..........................................49 Chapter 5 Wrap-Up ..........................52 Chapter 6 Preview ..............................53 Section 6-1 ..........................................54 Section 6-2 ..........................................57 Section 6-3 ..........................................60 Chapter 6 Wrap-Up .................... 64 Chapter 7 Preview ..............................65 Section 7-1 ..........................................66 Section 7-2 ..........................................69 Section 7-3 ..........................................72 Chapter 7 Wrap-Up ..........................76 Chapter 8 Preview ..............................77 Section 8-1 ..........................................78 Section 8-2 ..........................................81 Section 8-3 ..........................................84 Chapter 8 Wrap-Up ..........................88 Chapter 9 Preview ..............................89 Section 9-1 ..........................................90 Section 9-2 ..........................................93 Section 9-3 ..........................................96 Chapter 9 Wrap-Up ........................100 Chapter 17 Preview ........................187 Section 17-1 ......................................188 Section 17-2 ......................................191 Section 17-3 ......................................194 Section 17-4 ......................................197 Chapter 17 Wrap-Up ....................200 Chapter 18 Preview ........................201 Section 18-1 ......................................202 Section 18-2 ......................................205 Section 18-3 ......................................208 Chapter 18 Wrap-Up ....................212 Chapter 19 Preview ........................213 Section 19-1 ......................................214 Section 19-2 ......................................217 Section 19-3 ......................................220 Section 19-4 ......................................223 Chapter 19 Wrap-Up ....................226 Chapter 20 Preview ........................227 Section 20-1 ......................................228 Section 20-2 ......................................231 Section 20-3 ......................................234 Chapter 20 Wrap-Up ....................238 Chapter 21 Preview ........................239 Section 21-1 ......................................240 Section 21-2 ......................................243 Section 21-3 ......................................246 Section 21-4 ......................................249 Chapter 21 Wrap-Up ....................252 Chapter 22 Preview ........................253 Section 22-1 ......................................254 Section 22-2 ......................................257 Section 22-3 ......................................260 Section 22-4 ......................................263 Chapter 22 Wrap-Up ....................266 Chapter 23 Preview ........................267 Section 23-1 ......................................268 Section 23-2 ......................................271 Section 23-3 ......................................275 Chapter 23 Wrap-Up ....................278 Chapter 24 Preview ........................279 Section 24-1 ......................................280 Section 24-2 ......................................283 Section 24-3 ......................................286 Section 24-4 ......................................289 Chapter 24 Wrap-Up ....................292 Chapter 25 Preview ........................293 Section 25-1 ......................................294 Section 25-2 ......................................297 Section 25-3 ......................................300 Section 25-4 ......................................303 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe v 202 Section 18.1 Magma Name Date magma viscosity factor V olcanic Activity Section 18.1 Magma Scan Section 1 of your text. Use the checklist below as a guide. • Read all section titles. • Read all bold words. • Read all tables and graphs. • Look at all the pictures and read their captions. • Think about what you already know about volcanoes. W rite three facts you discovered about magma. 1. Student answers may vary. Accept all reasonable answers. 2. 3. Use the text to define the following term. a mixture of molten rock, suspended mineral grains, and dissolved gases deep beneath Earth’s crust Use the text to define the following term. Vi scosity is the internal resistance to flow. Show your understanding of the word by writing a definition of y our own. Student answers will vary. Possible answer: Viscosity is measure of how easily a liquid flows. Define the following term. any of the circumstances or conditions that bring about a result; element that makes a thing what it is Review Vocabulary New Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary Main Idea Details Using Your Science Notebook V olcanic Activity 201 Name Date V olcanic Activity C hapter Preview Before you read the chapter, use the “What I Know” column to list three things you know about volcanoes. Then list three questions you have about volcanoes in the “What I Want to Find Out” column. Describe what happened to the colored water when it entered the beaker. The hot water is less dense than the cold water and therefore will rise. How might this be similar to what happens to magma beneath Earth’s surface? Hot magma rises to the surface of Earth like the hot water in the experiment. Infer what would have happened if you had released the hot water at the surface of the cold w ater. It would not have moved because it was already at the top. It could not rise further. T hink about the Discover y Lab you did to model magma movement and record your r esponse in this science journal. Science Journal 1. Accept all reasonable entries. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. KW W hat I Know What I Want to Find Out This note-taking guide is designed to help you succeed in learning science content. Each chapter includes: Note taking to ols based on the C ornell Note-Taking System. K-W -L Charts